LLM System Design Interview, issue 6, Nov 5, 2025
When Memory Becomes the Enemy
AI Engineer interview at Meta, and the interviewer asks:
“We all know KV Caching speeds up token generation. What’s the primary bottleneck this technique creates in a high-throughput production system, and how do you conceptually solve it?”
Don’t say: “It’s an optimization that stops the model from re-computing the Key/Value states for all previous tokens. It makes inference faster by reducing O(n^2) compute to O(n).”
KV caching solves compute - and creates a VRAM fragmentation nightmare. How PagedAttention turns GPUs into miniature operating systems.
The full answer, with the mechanism and the arithmetic, is for paid subscribers on Substack.